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the proton pump pumps in protons and sucrose The positive will tend to go towards the cell becasue the inside is negative membrane protein that moves 2 solutes Helps create and maintain the membrane potentialĮlectrochemical gradient (for passive transport)Ĭombination of concentration gradient and electrochemical gradient (pos/neg), molecules always diffuse down their electrochemical gradient depends between each circumstance, could have different pulls and concentrations each time Voltage across the membrane, difference in positive and negative between inside and outside Move up the concentration gradient, energy needed (ATP), transport protein neededĮxample of active transport: sodium- potassium pumpĬreates a membrane potential, electrogenic-creates a voltage gradient across a membrane or a difference in positive and negative charges (salty banana) inside of cell is more negative because 2 potassium going in and 3 sodium going out Passive, via transport proteins in the membrane (very specific for what they transport)Ĭhanges shape as it moves the molecules across the membrane vacuoles contract and water comes through, fills up, and leaves through canals and gets shot out lives in fresh water (hypotonic) so he is a hypertonic, needs a way to not explode from intaking so much water The roots need oxygen for cell respiration, so too much water can make them suffocate hypotonic-> turgid/firm isontonic-> flaccid/wilted hypertonic-> plasmolysis/shrinks
#Ap biology chapter 5 coursenotes free#
High conc of solutes, low conc of free water moleculesīurst if in hypotonic, shrivel if in hypertonic
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Low conc of solutes, high conc of free water molecules Movement of WATER, moves toward higher SOLUTE concentration, water will move from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution Move from high concentration to low concentration Move down the concentration gradient, no energy needed non-polar, CO2, O2, hydrocarbons) (hard for ions, polar, hydrophilic) Molecule needs to move through the hydrophobic core of membrane to cross the membrane (easy for small hydrophobic molecules e.g. Inside cell, not part of membrane structureĬell-to-cell recognition, glycoproteins and glycolipids New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. More fluid at cold due to the kinks (double bonds), prevents freezingī/w lipids, prevents tight packing, only in animals, prevents from moving laterally More fluid at warm, tend to freeze at cold (solid)
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Proteins embedded in it, some have carbs attached can all move laterally